Saturday, December 9, 2006

Behaviorism

It is the first and most important theory of learning a language. The theory mainly based on the mark of the Parlon and skinner. No theory of learning has received more attention than skinners operant conditioning theory. B.F. Skinner was a very intelligent psychologist of America. He believes that all most all human behaviour is the result of operant reinforcement. In operant conditioning the organism is free to do what it likes and when it likes. He believed that, reinforcement is a stimulus which follows a response and increases the probability. He gave beautiful example. If a person learns quickly that money can be used to obtain thing that are enjoyable or help to avoid other things that are enjoyable or help to avoid other things behaviour that results in getting money to avoid this type behaviour.

Skinner with his black training box and carefully controlled environment for reinforcement or impending the behaviour or pigeon and ret. They has been able to take a relatively simple theory and show its endless variations and applications to many forms of learning his writing has been easy to understand and his theories have seemed applicable to many situations for children and adults. Skinner investigated a version or a factor that distress people such as pain, loss of affection or friendship and has contributed significantly to aversions therapy. He gave a very good example to understood it. Where the problem is lesson smoking or drinking by employing chemicals that make smoking or drinking unpleasant.

Behaviour modification is now a utilised in many classrooms. But it is used in more often in various treatment in institutions. By the classroom behaviour, they also learn some good thing. The mortality of such procedures, as well as their language term effectiveness is a matter of discussion and debate. It is also one thing that by debate and discussion in classroom students learn a new thing. Skinners paradigm of operant conditioning has been the basis for the new concepts of technology of teaching or the educational technology. Skinners treatment of learning a language is confirmation of the current response. It provided a formula for language practice in the classroom and also in every place there language teach. His way of learning a language is so good that we get treatment for his formulas. He argued that if the lowly pigeon can be trained by skilful control of the environment, how much more could human brings learn. If we arranged the learning environment in a more deliberate manner, we can learn much more as, we are very good and intelligent human being .

In this very first theory we see that, how skinner experimented this theory on different animals. This simple but powerful theory said that learning is a mechanical process of habit formation and it proceeds by means of the frequent reinforcement of stimulus response sequences. By this theory we can make our teaching also very effect. This is the theory by which we learn a language in a different ways. Skinner a great psychologist describes this theory very good whatever the idea come into his mind about it is good.

Cognitive theory of learning

Cognitive theory of learning the language. Most learning theorists have been interested in problems of cognition. But recently same cognitive learning has received attention through the work of such men as Piaget, Bruner and Ausubd. Piaget has focused his attention on children, particularly young children. and he deeply discuss and observe and this way he saw that in which way they their intelligence of a child. He says that the child’s intelligence is different from that of an adult. And in so doing, he helps to establish what is most characteristics about adults intelligence. His view about knowledge and development of logical operations may also have application to adult education.

Piaget explains the development of operational structure are useful for about education, and it is also useful to learn a language. They are in four factors
1. Maturity is the most important. The continuation of the development of the body, the nervous system of mental functions.
2. Experience is also one major thing. By the role of experience the person reacts to his successive environment. By experience he get confidence in that way he get right think.
3. Social transmission which including language and education. It means that social transmission is also helpful to learn language. which is including language and education.
4. The fourth and last is self regulation it also play an important role in learning a language.

Piaget work for the psychology of adult learning that shows many things. They are at least tentatively, significant change in cognitive capacities, process and phoneme as a function of age, experience and intellectual sophistication. Cognitive is the main subject which teaches the learner that monitor and evaluate the different human being and teach them how to received them, how to co-ordinate them and how to regulate them. How to reject same of them and how to develop appropriate responses, which are accepted whatever the idea described Piaget is really very important for learning a language.

Bruner’s Discovery of learning

Bruner in 1961 contends learning through discovery is necessary for retention of knowledge. He takes up issue with many common educational practise. He insists that the notion of readiness is a mischievous, half truth. He also emphasizes that cognitive or intellectual mastery is itself rewarding. He argues that discovery is necessary for recall possession, of knowledge, that it ahs certain unique motivational advantages and organics knowledge effectively for later use and promotes long term retention. Cognitive learning theory has application to adult activities. Where meaningful learning theory has application about activities. Where meaningful learning of a subject matter is the goal Bruner contends that only meaningful verbal reception learning is a variety of cognitive theory is central to the acquisition of the subject matter. He asserts that there are some difference between learning and meaningful learning. They both are quite different in the learners psychological structure of the knowledge.

According to Robert Gagne learning is dependent upon environmental circumstances that can be scientifically studied, altered and controlled. So, we can here see that Gagne is totally influenced by associationist and behaviourist in his view. Gagne divide learning into four events or parts or elements they are learner. Stimulus and response. He believes that learning is not simply an even that happens naturally. It is an event that happens under certain observable conditions.

Cognitive viewers is not sufficient to complete the picture up need on affection view. The cognitive theory tell that learners will learn often than actively think about what they are learning but two cognitive factor presupposes the affective factor of motivation. This is burner’s theory about discovery of learning. He beautifully describes this theory. It is one of important theory which helps us in learning a language.

Pavlov's Theory

Very great to understand The Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov explained for the first time the process of conditioning as a form of learning. He experiments on dog which got conditioned to salivation all the sound of a bell a secondary stimulus conditioning theories were first developed in the laboratories where animals were forced to salivate to escape from electric shocks. We may find examples of classical conditioning various types of human learning such as learning a language, manners and mannerism, fear response and so on. From experiment on dogs by Pavlov, the resulting notion of the conditioned reflex or conditioned response was chosen as the significant unit of learning conditioning has been sued not only to fix describe habits but also to break undesirable ones.

Pavlov’s theory of learning a language is most important to learn a language. The theory of classical conditioning is.

Theory of Motivation

Theory of motivation is also very important for learning a language. According to Marlow human needs from hierarchy where the lower needs must be satisfied before higher order needs are felt. This are those needs which have the greatest potency at only given time dominate human behaviour and demand satisfaction. The individual feels driven by a high priority need. When the need is satisfied, higher order motive and their demand satisfaction and soon the top of the hierarchy or sequence.

Marlow went to empirical theoretical, clinical studies for the material for his conception. His focus was on needs and human potentialities within the firm work of a concern about human growth. He started with the proposition that the human being is not an empty organism or a tabula rasa on which society rests some needs are specific to the individual but if these do not find outlets the individual suffers various form of damage.

Harlow's theory

Harlow is also very intelligent person. His theory of intrinsically motivated by studying the behaviour of monkeys. The interest of motivation is very much on the rise. Harlow has shown that money solve completed puzzles without the necessity of introducing extrinsic rewards. Monkeys learned to work the puzzles for intrinsic reward of manipulation.

There have been a number of studies utilising both animal and human subjects which involves other types of exploratory (offer note that it is undoubtedly the most known investigation into the munipulatory behaviour of monkeys. They find that monkey can be trained to make discriminations by utilising the curiosity drive as a motive. A number of theorists have been studying concepts such as curiosity of a human being which has a capacity for inquiring. Harlow’s theory is very essential to learn a language. It gives us number of idea about it.
This are all theories which is based on language learning. The S.R. Theories includes Pavlov’s study of conditioning, watson’s behaviours in and skinners operant conditioning. They emphasized on externally observable responses ® to specific stimuli(s) and the avoidance of subjective or “mentalist” concepts. Psychologist in this tradition said one common thing and that is they try to make any assumptions above what goes on inside the individuals who learns.

We see that these are many theories about the learning and teaching of languages have been proposed. There are many theory about learning language. These theories normally influenced by developments in the field of linguistics and psychology, have inspired many approaches to the teaching of second and foreign languages. These are all theories which influence language, teaching, methodology, which today called is applied linguistics. Each theory describe here is according to me is important and, the rule which included is also major. By all this theory we learn a language.

According to me, the knowledge of language learning theories is useful in own learning of English. I agree that all the theory of language learning is useful to learn a language. In the process of effective learning the prior knowledge is also an important thing. Prior knowledge means that or it is known as anticipatory schemes or framework, we can say that is also said mental where knowledge is saved in terms of proportional network. Here prior knowledge indicate is most important and that means that without prior knowledge it is easy to understand anything.

We know that every subject is made up of concepts. Concepting and organizing of teaching has number of methods. As we seen that every method is made up of many techniques. we see many theory about learning a language and they are all totally different from each other. every theory is important to learn a language. And in this according to my opinion, self learning is most important. By learning yourself you have to go only through. You an learn any language that you like at any time. The knowledge of language learning theory is very helpful to own learning of English.

One thing is their that the more you think about the idea, you got more verbal knowledge and that is very good knowledge one thing is important is learning and that is whatever the idea comes into your mind is most important. That means whatever idea came about the particular subject is the best. I mean we can learn them very easily because we think about them for a two time. First we express the idea that is come from our mind and second time we think about it and by this way we learn it easily. In this way we learn language easily.

There are another think is their that helps to learn language is learners ability to learn new information, new information that depends on cognitive structure. Whatever the learner learns ability is good. Because whatever get new information, that much good idea we accept. People ever were see some kind of notions e.g. – they display their emotions, surprise, pleasure, sorrow and exiting. They also need to express their emotions to others. And by this things they learn how to accepts new things.

As we know that the concept of learning has been greatly influenced by the psychological study of the learning process. It is very well known that psychology is the best to study about learners mind. The psychological concept of learning goes far beyond learning directly from a teacher or learning through study of practice. It should us learning how to learn and how to think for e.g. if a person is learning something and that is new for his / her now, what we see by their psychological study. We see that which type of idea his mind get and which not and on this way we can understand the learners mind.

Learning of language is nothing but a ruled governed activity. Learning is nothing but it is an activity. The thing is required while learning is exposure. When learners are exposure to target language the learner exposure to the language. It is the authentic situation. Any language which we used in day today life, that is known as authentic language by same type of activity we also learn something. This are all the different way by we learn language.

As we see that in different theory that cognitive believe that more exposure user to near natural sibction is enough for learning, to take place and gradually as a result of this exposure learners could perceive pattern and principle in the language. By some natural sanction we also learn language. Language learner is formation of behaviour. The behaviourist can’t give any importance to the mental process. We can also said that language learning is habit formation.

Another important thing about learning a language is that language, is taken more effectively, is taken more effectively if they are in form of oral. First it present in the form of oral and then written. E.g. if you want to teach about game. What you first do is you gave his / her some idea, then perform the game and this way you teach them. You not only first write them and say this the fame and it is its rule you remember them. In this way they never learn them. Because by orally presentational they engaged it. And in this way they learn it easily.

There are many theory that is describe above. We simply know that the work “learning is used to cover a wide variety of experiences. Without any theory our activities may be aimless and wasteful as knowledge of learning. We can see that skinners theory of operant conditioning which as received make attention than operant conditioning. In operant conditioning, the organism is free to do what it likes and when it likes.

Harlow's theory

Harlow is also very intelligent person. His theory of intrinsically motivated by studying the behaviour of monkeys. The interest of motivation is very much on the rise. Harlow has shown that money solve completed puzzles without the necessity of introducing extrinsic rewards. Monkeys learned to work the puzzles for intrinsic reward of manipulation.

There have been a number of studies utilising both animal and human subjects which involves other types of exploratory (offer note that it is undoubtedly the most known investigation into the munipulatory behaviour of monkeys. They find that monkey can be trained to make discriminations by utilising the curiosity drive as a motive. A number of theorists have been studying concepts such as curiosity of a human being which has a capacity for inquiring. Harlow’s theory is very essential to learn a language. It gives us number of idea about it.
This are all theories which is based on language learning. The S.R. Theories includes Pavlov’s study of conditioning, watson’s behaviours in and skinners operant conditioning. They emphasized on externally observable responses ® to specific stimuli(s) and the avoidance of subjective or “mentalist” concepts. Psychologist in this tradition said one common thing and that is they try to make any assumptions above what goes on inside the individuals who learns.

We see that these are many theories about the learning and teaching of languages have been proposed. There are many theory about learning language. These theories normally influenced by developments in the field of linguistics and psychology, have inspired many approaches to the teaching of second and foreign languages. These are all theories which influence language, teaching, methodology, which today called is applied linguistics. Each theory describe here is according to me is important and, the rule which included is also major. By all this theory we learn a language.

According to me, the knowledge of language learning theories is useful in own learning of English. I agree that all the theory of language learning is useful to learn a language. In the process of effective learning the prior knowledge is also an important thing. Prior knowledge means that or it is known as anticipatory schemes or framework, we can say that is also said mental where knowledge is saved in terms of proportional network. Here prior knowledge indicate is most important and that means that without prior knowledge it is easy to understand anything.

We know that every subject is made up of concepts. Concepting and organizing of teaching has number of methods. As we seen that every method is made up of many techniques. we see many theory about learning a language and they are all totally different from each other. every theory is important to learn a language. And in this according to my opinion, self learning is most important. By learning yourself you have to go only through. You an learn any language that you like at any time. The knowledge of language learning theory is very helpful to own learning of English.

One thing is their that the more you think about the idea, you got more verbal knowledge and that is very good knowledge one thing is important is learning and that is whatever the idea comes into your mind is most important. That means whatever idea came about the particular subject is the best. I mean we can learn them very easily because we think about them for a two time. First we express the idea that is come from our mind and second time we think about it and by this way we learn it easily. In this way we learn language easily.

There are another think is their that helps to learn language is learners ability to learn new information, new information that depends on cognitive structure. Whatever the learner learns ability is good. Because whatever get new information, that much good idea we accept. People ever were see some kind of notions e.g. – they display their emotions, surprise, pleasure, sorrow and exiting. They also need to express their emotions to others. And by this things they learn how to accepts new things.

As we know that the concept of learning has been greatly influenced by the psychological study of the learning process. It is very well known that psychology is the best to study about learners mind. The psychological concept of learning goes far beyond learning directly from a teacher or learning through study of practice. It should us learning how to learn and how to think for e.g. if a person is learning something and that is new for his / her now, what we see by their psychological study. We see that which type of idea his mind get and which not and on this way we can understand the learners mind.

Learning of language is nothing but a ruled governed activity. Learning is nothing but it is an activity. The thing is required while learning is exposure. When learners are exposure to target language the learner exposure to the language. It is the authentic situation. Any language which we used in day today life, that is known as authentic language by same type of activity we also learn something. This are all the different way by we learn language.

As we see that in different theory that cognitive believe that more exposure user to near natural sibction is enough for learning, to take place and gradually as a result of this exposure learners could perceive pattern and principle in the language. By some natural sanction we also learn language. Language learner is formation of behaviour. The behaviourist can’t give any importance to the mental process. We can also said that language learning is habit formation.

Another important thing about learning a language is that language, is taken more effectively, is taken more effectively if they are in form of oral. First it present in the form of oral and then written. E.g. if you want to teach about game. What you first do is you gave his / her some idea, then perform the game and this way you teach them. You not only first write them and say this the fame and it is its rule you remember them. In this way they never learn them. Because by orally presentational they engaged it. And in this way they learn it easily.

There are many theory that is describe above. We simply know that the work “learning is used to cover a wide variety of experiences. Without any theory our activities may be aimless and wasteful as knowledge of learning. We can see that skinners theory of operant conditioning which as received make attention than operant conditioning. In operant conditioning, the organism is free to do what it likes and when it likes.

My view on the theory

I believe that the theory of motivation is best to learn language motivation begins in an energy change in person. It means that the person when motivated makes responses which lead him to a goal. I am agree with all the theory that, by using all the theory we learn language and this is really very good way to learn language.

We can learn English in one or another way, by this theory. What we have to do is we go through the theory and understand them well. One thing about language and this is language is creative that means it is not memorized. We learn a new language and feel proudly that we know five or six language. So, in this way we say that language is creative. It makes us eager to know about it, means to speak and write it. Skinners characteristic of human is also very meaningful. He believe that it is impossible to represent human learning without concepts of subjective experience. That means with the help of experience human mind learn more and more because they trust on those thing and in that way they accept the thing and this way they learn language.

One thing is also important while learning is about skill. A skill often demands elements of conceptual knowledge and in conceptual learning certain techniques of analysis have to be acquired which can best be described as intellectual skills or for example. While teaching about phonetics, for the teacher it is usually making the student how to learn it and how to produce sound, where come syllable and where they have to put stress. The teacher is far or less concern with a conceptual understanding of all the thing which is came in the study of phonology. The teacher introduces a phonological explanation the learning test became make concept you.

While learning a language these came same error. Errors all nothing but departure of a normative use of language. Behaviiourist view said that error should be avoided and identity corrected. They believe that language is something to learn. If someone error while siding or learning a language we make correct then not make his / her depressed.

The student can also learn language very easily by the direct method. It is also called natural method. The great success with this method is achieved in situations where the student can hear and practice the language. Outside to the classroom. I am fully agreed that the theories which I discuss or write above is really very helpful in my own learning a language. Learning a language is not really very easy task. Its become easy, when you used them in right way. And for that right way we have to refer all this theory.

Learn a new language is a good thing. By learning a new language we see many new different things. We improve our all for skills with it.

The six theories which is described here is not enough. Those are number of theories about learning a language. But the six are the major theories. We get most of the point from their. And as we known that this theory normally influenced by developments in the field of linguistics. This are all my view about the theories of language learning.

Conclusion

Finally, I can say that the theory of language learning is very helpful in language learning. I agree that all theories are also helpful to improve my own learning of English language. It is taught to all the students. Who want to learn the language. It really help me.

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